28/4/08

4º año - TANGO



HISTORIA DEL TANGO


El tango es un género musical que se origina en el Río de la Plata a comienzos del siglo XIX.
En cuanto al origen de la palabra “tango” hay varias interpretaciones:
En 1806 una Ordenanza del Cabildo de Montevideo habla de “tangos” refiriéndose a bailes de negros y también sabemos que los negros esclavos, en su dialecto decían “tocá tangó” que significaba tocar el tambor que acompañaba al Candombe que también es un género musical que nos caracteriza. Por lo que podemos interpretar que el Tango basa su origen en el Candombe.
“Tang”, además es una palabra africana que quiere decir tocar o acercarse. No está demás aclarar que los negros africanos fueron traídos para nuestro territorio en la época colonial en calidad de esclavos por los españoles.

A Montevideo, ciudad amurallada le corresponde perfectamente la denominación de “arrabal”, que significa, zona de muros en árabe “arrabah” ,en cambio en Buenos Aires , para llamar a la orilla de la ciudad, se usó la palabra “suburbio” del latín “sub- urbis” por ser la zona que estaba cruzando el río. Se pueden ver que estas palabras, están en muchas letras de canciones, así como también se expresa lo que se vivía en esa época, donde eran tiempos difíciles. Las diferencias sociales eran abismales entre el centro y la campaña, existía mucha desesperanza e injusticia , lo que también significó motivo de algunas letras de tangos como forma de denuncia.
La clase social baja empieza a forjar costumbres, vestimentas y un lenguaje distinto (el lunfardo) como defensa frente a la agresión de la alta sociedad donde la vida era llena de lujos y confort.

En ese submundo van a residir tres grupos humanos que van a aportar respectivamente elementos diferentes que dan forma al tango: el gaucho, el negro y el inmigrante.

El gaucho: mestizo de conquistadores españoles e indígenas o negros, fue en su inicial etapa, un excelente jinete que corría libremente tierras sin dueño, donde sus problemas de alimentos, se reducían a seleccionar el animal que calmaría su apetito. Cabalgador hábil en el arreo y la “cuereada”, el gaucho desarrolló aptitudes donde eran necesarias la audacia y el coraje para sobrevivir. Incluso, gracias a su valentía y su bravura, se va a integrar a las luchas por la independencia. Pero, frente al alambrado de los campos, su libertad se restringe, su deambular se ve limitado y hasta su alimentación debe adaptarse a la nueva situación. Algunos logran sedentarizarse pero otros se rebelan y se vuelven desobedientes de las leyes (matreros). Otro grupo decide emigrar a la ciudad e instalarse en la orilla. Es así como el gaucho se transforma en “cafisho”, es aquel hombre que explota o vive de las mujeres también llamado “compadre”. Este personaje aporta al tango la violencia pero también la guitarra y el arte de milonguear.

El inmigrante: tanto en Argentina como en Uruguay promulgaron leyes con el fin de facilitar la inmigración para poblar la campaña que estaba prácticamente vacía. Entonces gran cantidades de inmigrantes que llegaron terminaron amontonándose en conventillos. El mayor número de inmigrantes fue italiano y españoles, luego franceses, portugueses, alemanes y sirio-libaneses.
América no fue el “paraíso soñado” así que los recién llegados se sumaron al dolor, a la frustración, al fracaso y desesperanza de los sueños incumplidos.

El negro: luego de la abolición de la esclavitud, muchos formaron parte de bandas militares pero al disolverse estas, terminaron recalando en la orilla también. El negro se constituyó en el elemento esencial del mestizaje, dando origen a variada gama de tipo pardo, según la naturaleza de la mezcla.
Al igual que los gauchos, ocuparon también un lugar muy importante en las luchas por la independencia.
En lo relativo al tango, el aporte del negro fue muy importante. Aporta el Candombe, ya que el compadraje, bailando Milonga se burlaba del modo en que lo hacían los negros, imitando sus contoneos.
En Montevideo, la mayor parte de la raza negra se estableció en los barrios Sur y Palermo.

Estos tres grupos numerosos conformaban la orilla suburbana de las ciudades del Río de la Plata y fueron formando un grupo heterogéneo curioso y complejo del cual surge una música que se transformaría posteriormente en un icono de identidad cultural para los uruguayos.
En aquel hervidero de la orilla esos tres grupos humanos fusionaron sus resentimientos. Por eso no nos puede sorprender que en su música, que como todo arte, traduce, lo más íntimo del ser, sollocen los violines, rezonguen los bandoneones y proteste el piano y que las letras estén saturadas de reprochas, desesperación, engaños, evocaciones y nostalgias.

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